Aiming at the low efficiency of the existing network security situation assessment method based on neural network, a network security situation assessment method based on Cuckoo Search (CS) optimized Back Propagation (BP) Neural Network (CSBPNN) was proposed. Firstly, the numbers of input and output nodes of the BP Neural Network (BPNN) were determined according to the number of input index and the output value. The number of hidden layer nodes was calculated according to the empirical formula and the trial and error method. Secondly, the connection weights and thresholds were randomly initialized, and the weights and thresholds were coded into cuckoo by using floating point coding. Finally, the weights and thresholds were optimized by using CS algorithm. The CSBPNN model for situation assessment was got and trained. The situation data was input into the CSBPNN model to obtain the situation value. The experimental results show that the iterative number of CSBPNN is reduced by 943 and 47 respectively, and the prediction accuracy is 8.06 percentage points and 3.89 percentage points higher than that of BPNN and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized BP neural network. The proposed algorithm has faster convergence speed and higher prediction accuracy.